Chemical factors e.g. 4. Soil degradation is the decline in the soil condition caused by the improper use or management of the land. Usually land degrad ation is described in terms of the loss in natural resources (soil, water, fauna and flora) or in the Causes of Soil Erosion. Soil also acts as a purifier: As surface water travels through the ground to replenish aquifers, soil filters out toxins and impurities, making it drinkable. Soil degradation and climate change will have driven between 50 and 700 million people to emigrate by 2050. In general, the removal or depletion of vegetation or vegetable residues which protect the land is the basic cause of soil degradation. 3. Soil erosion is the main factor for soil degradation and is due to several mechanisms: water erosion, wind erosion, chemical degradation and physical degradation. While soil is technically a renewable resource, it can take (pending the climate) between 100 and 1,000 years to develop — and this formation is so slow, that scientists apply the term “limited” to it, because although it is a natural resource, it is vulnerable to degradation. 2.7 MHP Related Causes of Degradation. 2. It kills plants, leaving bare soil that is prone to erosion; wetlands – as salinity increases over time, wetlands become degraded, endangering wetland species and decreasing biodiversity. Land degradation in Calabar south also exhibits hydrological conditions, where vegetal cover is removed, the soil surface is exposed to the impact of raindrops which causes a sealing of the soil surface, and less rain then infiltrates the soil. Soil Erosion and Sedimentation. Physical degradation refers to a deterioration in physical properties of soil whereas biological degradation refers to reduction in soil organic matter, decline in biomass carbon and decrease in activity and diversity of soil fauna. ... due to growing populations and soil degradation. Erosion probably was, however, still an important cause of soil degradation. Though there have been previous periods of climatic change, since the mid-20th century humans have had an unprecedented impact on Earth's climate system and caused change on a global scale.. More specifically, the causes of land degradation overall might be: – Wind and Water Weathering Of Soil Soil degradation is, in itself, an indicator of land degradation. degradation phenomena and illustrates the nature, extent and geographical distribution of the major forms of soil and vegetation degradation in the country. II. At global and local levels, we face multiple food system challenges - flooding, soil degradation, biodiversity collapse, malnutrition and obesity. Land degradation is the process of deterioration of soil or loss of fertility of soil. The resources which are affected include water, air and soil. Soil degradation is the loss of physical, chemical, and biological qualities of the soil either by human activity or natural processes. deforestation, improper cultivation practices like mono-cropping, misuse or excessive use of fertilizers, excessive irrigation, over-grazing, the fragility of soil, and poor manuring Wind erosion can be caused by a light wind that rolls soil particles along the surface through to a strong wind that lifts a large volume of soil particles into the air to create dust storms. Soils are a fundamental natural resource, and are the basis for all terrestrial life. Soil erosion is the global soil degradation problem that causes significant environmental and socio-economic problems (Eswaran et al., 2001; Gomes de Souza et al., 2018;Ighodaro et al., 2013). It is the Earth's upper skin that gives fertility to trees and crops. Deforestation is one of the most common activities that cause the degradation of land. Land degradation is a great threat for the future and it requires great effort and resources to ameliorate. It can cause significant economic and environmental damage. The outcomes of soil erosion are reduced agricultural productivity, ecological collapse, soil degradation, and the possibility of desertification. • Soil crusting is a thin layer of dense and tough material. Overpopulation and Over-exploitation of Resources; As the human population keeps on enlarging, there is a lot of pressure on the utilization of natural resources. Climate change includes both global warming driven by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. Excess water. Waste disposal, mining, urbanization, agricultural chemicals, atmospheric deposition, soil erosion might be seen as the major causes of land degradation. In the form of rains, rivers or ocean currents, the water hits the ground and detaches part of the surface, which is carried away by the current. Land Degradation and Its Causes Proper soil management is a ba-sis for society’s long term social and economic development. Various agents, like wind, water, deforestation, overgrazing by cattle, etc., cause soil erosion. 3.1 Gully Erosion and Badlands. Soil degradation: Soil degradation is the decline in soil quality caused by its improper use, usually for agricultural, pastoral, industrial, or urban purposes. Soil degradation is the physical, chemical, and biological decline in soil quality that can lead to: Infertility . Soil degradation refers to negative changes in the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil, whereas vegetation degradation is the reduction in the number of species and the vegetational composition. Soil degradation causes include agricultural, industrial, and commercial pollution; loss of arable land due to urban expansion, overgrazing, and unsustainable agricultural practices; and long-term climatic changes. It affects the land’s topsoil, the vegetation that grows on it, and the nearby water sources. The increasing demand for agricultural products leads to the conversion of forests and grasslands into farm fields and pastures. Loss of soil fertility results in low productivity. The principal causes of degradation are identified and some important land use and land tenure questions that need to be addressed in the near future are posited. Soil and water contamination . It refers to the advancement of the desert into the adjoining regions, thereby affecting the fertility of nearby lands. Soil degradation is a serious global environmental problem and may be exacerbated by climate change. These are very real and at times severe issues. What Causes Land Degradation. It results in a continuous loss of topsoil, ecological degradation, soil collapse, etc. Not only human action can cause degradation to occur, but also natural causes such as the nature of rainfall (amount, intensity, variability, distribution…), soil (texture, structure, depth, moisture, infiltration rate…) and topography play an important role in the scope and scale of occurring degradation features. Creating a ridge and furrow during the process of irrigation can significantly prevent the soil from getting eroded because it … 8. The major causes of land degradation in Ethiopia are the rapid population increase, severe soil loss, deforestation, low vegetative cover and unbalanced crop and livestock production. Thus, land degradation is a biophysical process driven by socioeconomic and political causes. Nearly 10 million hectares of arable land are lost to erosion and other forms of soil degradation every year [1].. Countries all over the world are battling with worrisome sight of deepening gullies crisscrossing the landscape and barren fields stripped of the fertile topsoil. 3.5 Changes in Soil Texture and Cattle Step. The causes are: 1. When plants (trees & shrubs) are cleared from a site, soil is exposed to sunlight and the eroding effects of wind and water. Generating three centimeters of top soil takes 1,000 years, and if current rates of degradation continue all of the world's top soil could be gone within 60 years, a senior UN official said Crop removal: some crops offer some form of protection for soil against soil erosion and. Soil biodiversity comprises the largest variety of species in drylands – determining carbon, nitrogen and water cycles and thereby, the productivity and resilience of land. The factor that is now the most severe in Australia is Wind, Water erosion and soil salinity. It is also one of the world’s largest carbon sinks. Mining activities. Soils are a fundamental natural resource, and are the basis for all terrestrial life. Soil and land degradation are interrelated issues and often come up in the same context. Soil erosion by wind and water which removes topsoil with its organic content, as well as acidity, alkalinity/salinity of the soil which makes the soil toxic for agriculture and other uses are the principal causes for land degradation. Principal processes of land degradation include erosion by water and wind, chemical degradation (comprising acidification, salinization, leaching etc.) Species extinction. Desertification. It is a serious environmental problem. loss of fertile top soil due to water or wind erosion. Over-Irrigation 5. Poor land management, such as deforestation , overgrazing, construction activities and forest fires are among the main causes … The degradation or deterioration of soil may be caused by the following factors: 1. Desertification is defined by the United Nations as land degradation in dry sub-humid, semi-arid, and arid areas. Wind erosion is a natural process that moves soil from one location to another by wind power. The paper reviews the available information on soil degradation which is a major agricultural and environmental problem in the Philippines. Pollution. Even though our country is blessed with wide varieties of soils with high fertility, it is being degraded day by day by various natural and human activities. Sheet erosion will consequently occur after some time. DEGRADATION BY WATER : Soil degradation is caused by water erosion where water particles are detached by the effect of running water. 3 Features of Watershed Degradation. Soil degradation is a narrower term, and one form of land degradation, for declining soil quality, encompassing the deterioration in physical, chemical and biological attributes of the soil [11]. Land degradation: Causes, impacts and rehabilitation techniques 2.1 Causes of land degradation Scholars identified different causes of land degradation. Also Read: What is Soil? It is a serious environmental problem. CAUSES OF SOIL DEGRADATION Historically, soil degradation … Avoiding soil degradation is crucial to our well-being. Decline of soil fertility. Human and Soil Interactions. In terms of soil and soil degradation, they are responsible for the phenomenon of erosion, which is the loss of the first soil layer. 3. CAUSES OF DESERTIFICATION 2 Causes of Desertification Cut one tree, plant two! Loss of soil fertility due to loss of valuable nutrients. This often causes over-exploitation of the natural resources, and contributes to environmental erosion. These impacts include compaction, loss of soil structure, nutrient degradation, and soil salinity. Deforestation: Forests play an important role in maintaining fertility of soil by shedding their leaves … Food and water provision Changes in climatic conditions because of unbalanced created in the environment. • Soil sealing is the covering of the ground by an impassable material is one of the main causes of soil degradation. The cost of land degradation. This has adverse effects on both the fertility of the land as well as its optimum use. Mismanagement of arable areas by farmers, cultivation practices that are not adapted to local environments and overgrazing by livestock are seen as the major causes of soil degradation. For example, according to Berry (2003), the cause of land degradation involves two interlocking complex systems: the natural ecosystem and the human social system. Africa (SSA), soil degradation (nutrient depletion is the primary form of soil degradation in SSA), is leading to a decline in crop productivity, and has been linked to hunger and poverty (Tully, Sullivan, Weil, and Sanchez, 2015.). For example, through farming practices, excessive amounts of fertilizers and pesticides are used. Our land, water and soil are compromised when people exhaust resources or release harmful chemicals into the air. Causes of land degradation: Deforestation: Forests play an important role in maintaining fertility of soil by shedding their leaves which contain many nutrients.Forests are also helpful in binding up of soil particles with the help of roots of vegetation. Increase in water logging, salinity, alkalinity and acidity problems. Soil degradation, defined as lowering and losing of soil functions, is becoming more and more serious worldwide in recent decades, and poses a threat to agricultural production and terrestrial ecosystem. 3.3 Sheet and Splash Erosion. EFFECTS OF LAND DEGRADATION. Soil loss from conventionally tilled land exceeds the rate of soil formation by >2 orders of magnitude (medium confidence). This chapter and much of the rest of theseGuidelines will, therefore, dwell primarily on the use of evidence from the soil (mainly soil degradation) and from plants growing on the Pollution of water resources from the contamination of soil through which water sweeps into ground or runoff to the water bodies. While soil degradation may occur naturally, it has been highly exuberated by anthropogenic activities. The following are the causes of soil degradation:Salination from chemical fertilizersSoil erosion caused by poor cultivation and land management practicesSoil … Land and soil degradation. The loss of biodiversity in drylands is one of the major causes and outcomes of land degradation. High salt levels in soils reduce the ability of plants to grow or even to survive. Soil degradation is the decline in soil condition caused by its improper use or poor management, usually for agricultural, industrial or urban purposes. All of these problems occur due the removal of natural vegetation and other factors. With the objective of understanding the distinct nature of soil quality decline, here are the various causes, effects, and solutions of soil degradation. Deforestation 3. Physical factors, e.g. Soil is the basis of all terrestrial life. There are numerous causes of soil pollution that occur every day or even every minute. The transition from natural vegetation to agriculture causes soil … In many parts of the world, mining activities or rather improper mining activities … Since soil is so vital to human life, humans have to move and manipulate it in order to utilize it. During extreme climatic situations like drought, tsunami, and many other conditions, massive erosion occurs. This degradation is enforced when tillage is used to break up compacted soils. Land degradation is categorized into three types i.e. Grassland degradation, also called vegetation or steppe degradation is a biotic disturbance in which grass struggles to grow or can no longer exist on a piece of land due to causes such as overgrazing, burrowing of small mammals, and climate change. Water and air can also provide a … In most cases, the main causes of land degradation are linked to one or more human activities. Degradation of a watershed can have various forms: depletion of water resources, soil erosion and land degradation, impoverishment of the vegetative cover, and damage to the infrastructure. For ease of reference, they are generally split into two: man-made (anthropogenic) causes and naturally occurring causes. 1. The major areas of the investigation. This article throws light upon the seven main causes of land degradation in India. 2. Just as soil erosion is a component of soil degradation, soil degradation is a component of land degradation. SALINITY. With this, the soil will simply respond to the natural causes of soil erosion like wind and rainfall. 1. In India, water erosion is the most prominent reason of land degradation. In addition to erosion, soil quality is affected by other aspects of agriculture. and physical degradation (comprising crusting, compaction, hard-setting etc. Flooding and excessive irrigation: This leads to excessive water present on land. Soil Pollution Causes. Avoiding soil degradation is crucial to our well-being. However, due to human intervention, the soil gets polluted to a serious degree. Soil deterioration has many causes, the main ones being inappropriate land-use, erosion, salinization and waterlogging, and chemical degradation. Water resources deterioration, diversion of water for other uses, and soil degradation are the major factors affecting the environmental sustainability of irrigated agriculture. Land degradation in Calabar south also exhibits hydrological conditions, where vegetal cover is removed, the soil surface is exposed to the impact of raindrops which causes a sealing of the soil surface, and less rain then infiltrates the soil. Floods and Droughts 6. The causes of soil erosion can be diverse and the main ones include: The movement of water. Pollution of water resources from the contamination of soil through which water sweeps into ground or runoff to the water bodies. It is viewed as any change or disturbance to the land perceived to be deleterious or undesirable. It is estimated that nearly 2 billion ha of soil resources in the world have been degraded, namely approximately 22% of the total cropland, pasture, forest, and woodland. Soil degradation is the decline in soil quality caused by its improper use, usually for agricultural, pastoral, industrial or urban purposes. Contamination: Contamination from the soil, water, or the environment, for example, may have a significant impact on the rate of degradation. Changes in salinity, acidity, and alkalinity. Deforestation becomes a cause of degradation first, when the land that is cleared is steeply sloping, or has shallow or easily erodible soils; and secondly, where the … Degradation (cont) Population pressure and human activities such as over-cultivation which exhausts the soil, overgrazing which removes the vegetation cover that protects soil from erosion, deforestation which removes trees and vegetation which binds the soil to the … Widespread soil degradation , leading to a decline in the ability of soil to carry out its ecosystem services, is caused largely by non‐sustainable uses of the land. The cost of land degradation. Land degradation means: 1. 6. Excessive Population Pressure on Land 2. CAUSES OF SOIL DEGRADATION Historically, soil degradation … Besides, climate change combined with human activities continues to worsen soil degradation. Land-use changes and unsustainable land management are direct human causes of land degradation (very high confidence), with agriculture being a dominant sector driving degradation (very high confidence). This strategy is one way to maintain forestation and conserve the environment. The causes of dry land degradation are complex, and may be the product of anthropogenic or climatic factors, such as the impact of drought and desiccation on ecosystems, the overgrazing of these rangelands, unsustainable land-tenure rights, the A loss of soil fertility is another form of degradation. Farmers in India are complaining about low productivity because of various reasons and soil degradation is one of them. Degradation is an evolution, different from natural evolution, related to the local climate and vegetation. Loss at a social, economic and biodiversity level. Farmers rely on soils to make food production possible, feeding people and livestock. Soil compaction increases soil density, reduces porosity (especially macroporosity), and leads to increased penetration resistance and a degradation of soil structure. Grassland degradation, also called vegetation or steppe degradation is a biotic disturbance in which grass struggles to grow or can no longer exist on a piece of land due to causes such as overgrazing, burrowing of small mammals, and climate change. The effects of soil erosion go beyond the loss of fertile land. Erosion 4. were discussed to known the causes of soil degradation and adverse impacts on farming. Poor land management, such as deforestation , overgrazing, construction activities and forest fires are among the main causes … The outcomes of soil erosion are reduced agricultural productivity, ecological collapse, soil degradation, and the possibility of desertification. Land degradation processes: Different processes of land degradation also confound the available statistics on soil and/or land degradation. Land degradation is a negative change in the quality of land, usually induced by a mixture of natural and man-made causes. Ridge and Furrow Formation: One of the main causes of land degradation is the erosion of the top layer of the soil, which is full of nutrients and other minerals. 2.6 Natural Causes. Soil structure is the important property that affects all three degradative processes. But, in the field, further variables are used as indicators of the occurrence of soil degradation. The research on “The Forms and Effects of Soil Degradation on Agricultural Land” was. Grazing 7. 5. Where sulfate salts are present, there is an increased risk of acid sulfate soil formation. These impacts include compaction, loss of soil structure, nutrient degradation, and soil salinity. Less vegetation cover. Erosion is strongly related to human activity. Soil Degradation Is A Serious Global Problem And May Be Caused By Physical Chemical Biological Geological Anthropogenic Causes. Soil texture and structure are deteriorated. This is due to the lack of plants and trees that can keep the soil strong, but also the lack of insects which are killed by pesticides. The most authoritative estimates of the extent of land degradation are contained in a report on South Asia prepared by UNDP, UNEP and FAO (Land Degradation in South Asia: its severity, causes and effects upon the people, Rome, FAO, 1994).Water erosion is the most common form of degradation in the area, affecting 25 percent of agricultural land. Soil contamination is one of the main causes that could trigger the sixth mass extinction event in history — the population of land vertebrates fell … Soil erosion: its causes and impacts Erosion occurs when soil is displaced by wind or water—washed off farms and deposited in ditches and streams, or blown across the landscape as dust. Changes in the characteristic of soil. II. 4. Changes in the characteristic of soil. Thus, soil erosion is a continuous process and may occur either at a relatively unnoticed rate or an alarming rate contributing to copious loss of the topsoil. 1 Soil structure in a healthy soil allows for both movement and retention of water and nutrients, as well as providing space for root growth. Yet most of the common farming techniques employed in industrial crop production, such as synthetic fertilizer application and monocropping, can degrade soil over time, causing a cascade of problems necessitating the use of even more man-made inputs, which in turn contribute to climate change. Waterlogging and soil salinization is the important causes of soil degradation in Northwest India, particularly the states of Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan. The quality of soil is quite important for many plants and microorganisms. Soil degradation and climate change will have driven between 50 and 700 million people to emigrate by 2050. Wind. For example, roads which increase impermeable surfaces lead to streaming and ground loss. It is simple to plant trees, but complicated to reverse deforestation, which may eventually result in desertification. calTied out in Bor town Jonglei State, south Sudan. Land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land.
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