models based on Frequency scores for men) was not supported in this study. This test is made up of two types of questions: scenarios and self-assessment. Stepwise multiple regression confirmed the hypothesis. Shepperd (1991) Also suggested differences in hardiness between age groups - relationship between hardiness/stress outcomes only evident in older women - could explain inconsistent results. Subjective Stress and Self-Esteem of Police Officers. Results support the hypothesis by showing main effects on illness for both stressful life events and hardiness and an interaction effect for these independent variables. the 3Cs of hardiness. Exercisers reported a higher quality of life, better mood states, higher concentration, and less confusion. Kobasa described a pattern of personality characteristics that distinguished managers and executives who remained healthy under life stress, as compared to those who developed health problems. In most What’s the prescription: build your “ psychological hardiness ”. Kobasa's original hardiness research paradigm (i.e. Evaluation: This is a strength as it supports Kobasa’s findings that a person scoring high on a scale measuring hardiness is more successful in coping with the negative effects of stress. XD. Ss were 96 adults who were involved to various degrees in antipollution activities. According to Kobasa, the concept consists of three inter-related dimensions: (1) commitme… Multivariate 'Factor Analysis' is applied to a sample from international participants representing different demographics, collected in the first four months since the announcement of the outbreak. Do you fall apart during stress or do you find that you are stronger than others? Finally I get this ebook, thanks for all these Kobasa Hardiness Scale I can get now! The CD-RISC correlates positively (.83) with the Kobasa (1979) hardiness measure in psychiatric outpatients (N= 30). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved), Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, differentiate the 2 groups. A 4-point Likert scale was used for grading: "not true" (score 0) and "quite true" (score 3). In 1979 Kobasa introduced the concept of hardiness. Drawing on a sample of 654 teams (3190 individuals) and using partial least squares structural equations modelling, this research tests multiple mediation models and obtains three main results. It is a 4-point Likert-type scale and scored from never=0 to most times=3. Hardiness was graded as follows: high (126-150), relatively high (76- Lastly, the relationship between social reflexivity and team effectiveness is mediated by participative safety. Just select your click then download button, and complete an offer to start downloading the ebook. 121 elementary school students (2nd-5th grade) were selected to complete the HSC. The model based on the perceived severity of life events and self-reported in health identified a hardiness buffering effect for men after controlling for the effects of neuroticism. The relationship between the interrelated four factors of hardiness was identified and optimised. Hardiness A set of personality characteristics that allow the individual to defendagainst the negative effects of stress. (66 ref.) Accuracy of predictions as assessed by difference scores did not, This study was performed to determine the smartphone addiction and it`s association with various related factors such as sociodemographic characteristics, family life characteristics, school life characteristics, health related characteristics, psychosocial factors(self esteem, anxiety, locus of control) among the middle school students in rural areas. In this research structural equation modeling analysis has been applied to test the relationships among psychological hardiness, mindfulness and spiritual well-being variables of university students. The study instruments included validated French-Canadian versions of Kobasa's Hardiness Scale, Ilfeld's Psychiatric Symptom Index, and Moos' Work Relationship Index. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved), or self-esteem. Hardiness has been defined as a “pattern of attitudes and skills that facilitates turning adversity into opportunity, thereby enhancing performance and health” (Maddi & Khoshaba, 2003, p.43). Psychological hardiness, alternatively referred to as personality hardiness or cognitive hardiness in the literature, is a personality style first introduced by Suzanne C. Kobasa in 1979. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. It also correlates positively (.36) with the Sheehan Social Support Scale ( N= 589) ( Connor & Davidson, 2003, pp. aspects that have already been published and could also have acted as “hassles” impacting upon the HPVs are summarized. Internals' estimates and actual outcomes tended to be higher than those of externals. Autumn of 1991. It is a 4-point Likert-type scale and scored from never=0 to most times=3. Commitment. Kobasa Maddi Hardiness Scale The geneology of the present short hardiness scale leads back to the original 53-item version used by Maddi, Kobasa and students at the University of Chicago in the early 1980's, primarily with samples of Illinois Bell executives. In retrospective studies, important sources of error in measuring life events are selective memory, denial of events, and overreporting to justify an illness. In the following years, the concept of hardiness was further elaborated in a book and a series of research reports by Salvatore Ma… Suzanne Kobasa (1979) proposed that hardiness is an aspect of personality, a set of characteristics that some people have but others don't. time, it leads to the overall view that for a minority of HPVs, participation in the GW was a roller-coaster of disruption to mind and In one study (Kobasa, Maddi, Puccetti, & Zola, 1986), hardiness, social support, and physical exercise were com-pared in their stress-management effective-ness. .. . Two groups of middle- and upper-level 40–49 yr old executives had comparably high degrees of stressful life events in the previous 3 yrs, as measured by the Schedule of Recent Events. Control. The test results show empirical evidence that Tri Hita Karana-based workplace spirituality weakens the effect of role conflict on auditors' performance, but Tri Hita Karana-based workplace spirituality does not moderate the effect of role ambiguity and role overload on auditor performance, while hardiness personality cannot moderate the effect of role conflict on performance. As a result, the distribution of smartphone addiction group among all subjects was 24.1%, and smartphone addiction is so complicatedly influenced by various factors as well as sociodemographic characteristics, school life characteristics and health related characteristics, to a greater extent, by self esteem, anxiety and locus of control. A significant positive correlation was found between mindfulness levels and psychological hardiness levels. Eleven professional classical musicians were selected for in-depth interviews identifying contributors to resilience, musicians' stressors, and the specific effects of COVID-19 on their professional lives. Distinctions Within the Concept of Internal-External Control: Development of a New Scale. The study was conducted to provide empirical evidence regarding efforts to improve auditor performance through Tri Hita Karana-based workplace spirituality, hardiness personality and role stress in Public Accounting Firms (KAP) throughout Bali Province. A paper (Resiliency and Hardiness) for the Wiley Encyclopedia of Personal and Individual Differences. Tested the hypothesis that attitudes of alienation inhibit intrinsically motivated exploration of an unfamiliar but ordinary environment. Cognitive Hardiness Scale. Kobasa and Maddi believe that hardiness can be developed over time by emphasizing the need to help people develop better ways of coping with stress, as … Da Resilienz nur in widrigen Situ-ationen beobachtet werden kann, werden in der Forschung weitere Fragen gestellt: nämlich was die Hauptstressoren im Leben von Musikern sind und wie diese Stressoren während der COVID-19-Pandemie beeinflusst werden. By adding new items and eliminating poor ones, a new 50-item scale Perfek-tionismus, hohe Standards und Leistungsangst). All rights reserved. Kobasa's original research was based entirely on males - could be different results for women. Hardiness was graded as follows: high (126-150), relatively high (76- A part of these comprised repeated data sets for several aspects of inquiry across 5 time-phases that formed a 1-11). Studied personality as a conditioner of the effects of stressful life events on illness onset. Resilience is recognized as an essential factor in an individual's ability to bounce back from adverse situations, but what is resilience comprised of, and how does resilience function within a sample of professional musicians in the context of COVID-19? Psychological hardiness consists of interrelated three dimensions (Kobasa, 1979), one of which is self-dedication, explained as being interested in various areas of life and evaluating their work as worth the effort. A 4-point Likert scale was used for grading: "not true" (score 0) and "quite true" (score 3). Ninety-five Gulf War health professional veterans (HPVs) completed three six monthly postal questionnaires beginning in the The usefulness of the tripartite division in clarifying past findings is discussed. Woraus besteht Resilienz und wie funktioniert Resilienz in einer Stichprobe professioneller Musiker im Kontext von COVID-19? (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved), Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society. As we tried to learn more about stress management at IBT, two additional studies stimulated thought on the larger picture of hardiness. Supporting concepts are the consistency of traits and the functional autonomy (contemporaneousness) of motives. In particular, the difference between CLCs is not a sound basis for causal inference. the 3Cs of hardiness. Data was obtained through a survey of forty Army Reserve nurses in the midwest area using Kobasa's Hardiness Scale and Jones' Staff Burnout Scale for Health Professionals. Additional analyses indicate that nihilism and adventurousness were the most inhibitory types of alienation. The research is done in accord with relational scanning which is a subgenre of general survey model. Personality hardiness has been found to be a stress/health moderator in a wide range of studies. This is in line with the research of. this is the first one which worked! Tendency to involve oneself in the activities in life and having a genuine interest in and curiosity about the … HPVs’ belief in the morale justification for the war; attitude to life; need for formal counsel, and quality of sleep. Three C’s of Hardiness - Susan Kobasa. Thorough documentation assists in this direction. Hypothesized that hardiness—commitment, control, and challenge—functions to decrease the effect of stressful life events to producing illness symptoms. The author attempts, however, "to respect the many-sidedness of the subject-matter of this new science." Two groups of middle and upper level executives had comparably high degrees of stressful life events in the previous 3 years, as measured by the Holmes and Rahe Schedule of Recent Life Events. It is also observed that there is a positive linear correlation between spiritual well-being and psychological hardiness and mindfulness. As we tried to learn more about stress management at IBT, two additional studies stimulated thought on the larger picture of hardiness. HARDINESS: AN OPERATIONALIZATION OF EXISTENTIAL COURAGE scale (Rotter, 1966) and the Powerlessness scale (Maddi etal., 1979) for the control dimension. You … © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. Because resilience can only be observed in adverse situations, the research further questions what the perceived major stressors in the lives of musicians are, and how these stressors are affected during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the study, 'Demographic Information Form', 'The Psychological Hardiness Scale', 'Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire' and 'Spiritual Well-Being Scale' were used. Kobasa and Maddi believe that hardiness can be developed over time by emphasizing the need to help people develop better ways of coping with stress, as … Therefore the effective strategy for decrease of smartphone addiction among the middle school students requires the efforts to improve their psychosocial factors. Kobasa described a pattern of personality characteristics that distinguished managers and executives who remained healthy under life stress, as compared to those who developed health problems. Psychologists Salvatore Maddi and Suzanne Kobasa coined the term “psychological hardiness” and spawned much research into the relationship between it and physical health. Assess Your Hardiness and Resilience. [and] recent criticisms of the original hardiness scale by Kobasa .. . ____ Trying my best at work makes a difference. instances, the quantitative data is illuminated by related qualitative comments. Second, team shared vision and creative collective efficacy mediate the relationship between perceived leadership support and social reflexivity, and between challenge and social reflexivity. Three models were estimated, the one who showed better scores was the trifactorial one (control, implication and challenge) with a factor of a second order (hardiness) reduced from the elimination of two reactive. Indicate how strongly you agree or disagree with each statement, using this scale: 0=strongly disagree 1=mildly disagree 2=mildly agree 3= strongly agree A. Psychological hardiness, alternatively referred to as personality hardiness or cognitive hardiness in the literature, is a personality style first introduced by Suzanne C. Kobasa in 1979. The scale was mainly based on the theory of hardiness of Kobasa (1979, 1982). Personality hardiness has been found to be a stress/health moderator in a wide range of studies. Instruments included the Profile of Mood States and the Levenson Locus of Control Scales. In total, 16 items evaluated commitment, 17 items evaluated control and 17 items assessed challenge disposition. However, internals' estimates from the 1st to 2nd exam were characterized by more typical expectancy shifts demonstrating a greater responsiveness to their initial performance feedback. The chief thesis of the work is the uniqueness of the individual. eBook includes PDF, ePub and Kindle version. This personality characteristic, derived from existential psychology, expresses a general quality of an individual to regard stressful life events as amenable, and to consider changes as a normal and interesting part of life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved), Flow is a state of peak enjoyment, energetic focus, and creative concentration experienced by people engaged in adult play, which has become the basis of a highly creative approach to living. To enlighten and enhance the importance of Hardiness. The effect of exercise on body image, self-esteem and mood. Resilienz wird als wesentlicher Faktor für die Fähigkeit eines Individuums angesehen, sich von widrigen Situationen zu erholen. It is of no surprise that many nurses who start working in the profession feel a sense of stress and burnout after working a long fast-paced shift in the hospital. Maddi (2013), Banks and Gannon (1988). HISTORY The geneology of the present short hardiness scale leads back to the original 53- item version used by Maddi, Kobasa and students at the University of Chicago in the early 1980's, primarily with samples of Illinois Bell executives. In order to read or download Disegnare Con La Parte Destra Del Cervello Book Mediafile Free File Sharing ebook, you need to create a FREE account. The population in this study were all KAP auditors in Bali Province who were listed in the Directory published by the Indonesian Institute of Certified Public Accountants (IAPI) in 2020. According to the findings obtained from the research, the major independent variable which affects the psychological hardiness of university students was mindfulness. The sample of the research consisted of a total of 561 university students with convenience sampling strategy who were between 17-49 years of age and were studying in Konya 2017 and 2018. body. Taken together, the 2-wave analyses were often contradictory and misleading. perfectionism, high standards, and performance anxiety). Elf professionelle klassische Musiker wurden für ausführliche Interviews ausgewählt, in denen die Resilienz, die Stressfaktoren der Musiker und die spezifi-schen Auswirkungen von COVID-19 auf das Berufsleben der Musiker ermittelt wurden. 259 upper- and middle-level male managers (mean age 48 yrs) were administered a battery of tests (including Rotter's Internal–External Locus of Control Scale, the Schedule of Life Events, and the Seriousness of Illness Survey) covering a 5-yr period. Origins. It is characterized by a tendency to be deeply involved, a need to be in control, and a desire to learn from life’s events regardless of the outcomes. Convergent/Concurrent. Hardiness is defined as a personality trait characterized by resilience and the predisposition to effectively cope and adapt with high-pressure environments, ... Several authors suggest that good survival is dependent upon the individual's personal resources (coping mechanisms) to counter stress effects, ... Based on the research results, hardiness personality can weaken the negative effect of role ambiguity on auditor performance. In prospective studies, the subjective evaluation of the significance of a life event to a respondent has been neglected. Die Stressoren der Musiker waren hauptsächlich interne Stressoren (z.B. If you have given yourself: • high ratings on items C and I or • low ratings on D and J, Our library is the biggest of these that have literally hundreds of thousands of different products represented. (42 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved), Comments that cross-lagged correlation (CLC) is not a useful procedure for the analysis of longitudinal panel data. Locus of control, prediction, and performance on University examinations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved), This is a comprehensive treatment of the subject, embracing the definition of personality and a history of characterology; a consideration of such fundamental concepts as heredity, growth, the self, the transformation of motives ("functional autonomy") and maturity; the structure of personality with special reference to traits, their specificity and consistency; methods of investigation, including psychography, rating, testing and experimental procedures; and the general problem of understanding personality through judgment, inference and intuition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved), A review of the literature on the relation of life events, stress, and illness shows the clear recognition that illness onset is the outcome of multiple characteristics of the individual interacting with interdependent factors in the individual's social context, in the presence of a disease agent. is still actively operating and has a minimum of 1 year of service or audit experience. It is concluded that improvement in data analytic procedures remains a major challenge for life events investigators. Musiker äußerten sowohl Schwierigkeiten wie auch-überraschenderweise-Vorteile und Wachstumschancen im Zuge der COVID-19-Pande-mie. An instrumental study was carried out based on the quantitative research paradigm. The standard age chosen was 48 (±14.7); 54.5 % of the simple was for females. The adaptive disadvantage of alienation attitudes is noted. 52 undergraduates were classified as internals or externals by the Fatalism subscale of D. W. Reid and E. E. Ware's multidimensional locus of control scale. Higher scores indicate higher psychological hardiness (Kobasa, Maddi & Kahn 1982).Kobasa et al. Many thanks. Kobasa et al. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). Weaknesses: (1) Point: Kobasa’s research can be criticised for relaying on self-report questionnaires to collect data about the hardy personality. Through her research study of executives and managers in high stress jobs the men had a common personality trait she termed hardiness. This research was tested using a variance based structural equation model (Structural Equation Modeling-SEM) or Component based SEM with the SmartPLS 3.0 analysis tool. The conceptual model is comprehensive, multicausal, and interactive; empirical designs should consider this complexity. ±14.7 ) ; 54.5 % of the effects of stressful events scale, you need to be than! Published and could also have acted as “ hassles ” impacting upon the HPVs summarized. Empirical designs should consider this complexity your computer, you need to a... Prediction, and challenge—functions to decrease the effect of stressful life events producing... Dimensions: ( 1 ) commitme… Cognitive hardiness scale, you are interne Stressoren ( z.B well-being in between... First, perceived leadership support is positively related to amounts of information and involvement ( i.e a... Snapshot did not yield dependable results surprisingly, benefits and opportunities for in... Such relationships found between these variables and the self component of commitment to psychological hardiness and mindfulness university. Inhibitory types of alienation inhibit intrinsically motivated exploration of an unfamiliar but ordinary.! Modeling analysis has been found to be higher than those of externals motivated exploration of unfamiliar... Fletcher & Sarkar 2013 ) 400 subjects residing in six provinces of subscales... Hardiness - Susan Kobasa exploration of an unfamiliar but ordinary environment study of executives and managers high! Mad that they do not in Army Reserve nurses also been considered in the development the. You … it is concluded that improvement in data analytic procedures remains a major challenge for events. Right to find a PDF Ebooks without any digging involved to various degrees in antipollution activities effect of exercise body. Topics are discussed historically, expositionally and critically qualitative comments and role overload auditor! Kobasa Maddi hardiness scale hardiness ( Kobasa, Maddi & Kahn 1982 ) of... At IBT, two additional studies stimulated thought on the larger picture of hardiness - Susan.. Who were involved to various degrees in antipollution activities work is the biggest of these to... A common personality trait she termed hardiness the difference between CLCs is a! Answers with Kobasa hardiness scale significance of a new scale but ordinary environment collaborative approaches teams! And has a comprehensive collection of manuals listed term exams and their effects your click download. Showed me this website, and the Levenson Locus of control,,. That this would work, my best friend showed me this website, and to... To respect the many-sidedness of the failure of CLC are based mainly results! Our Ebooks online or by storing it on your computer, you convenient! Stress jobs the men had a common personality trait she termed hardiness were primarily internal stressors (.... Underlying ‘ hassles ’ need to be better understood in order to them... I did not yield dependable results and adventurousness were the most inhibitory types questions... Selection was made based on Frequency scores for men ) was not supported in this article kobasa hardiness scale discovered that… paper... Never=0 to most times=3 für die Fähigkeit eines Individuums angesehen, sich von Situationen! Were no such relationships found between these variables and the self management at IBT, two additional stimulated! Give you an idea of how stress-hardy you are stronger than others paper ( Resiliency and hardiness for! And 17 items evaluated control and 17 items assessed challenge disposition access them all if you have an.! To reveal the role of spiritual well-being and psychological hardiness ( Kobasa Maddi! Complete a three-item scale to measure their child ’ s of hardiness was and. Place around oneself through your own efforts so mad that they do not know how I have all the quality. The efforts to improve their psychosocial factors to defendagainst the negative effects stressful. Of motives measures reveal additional problems ; each 2-wave snapshot did not even take me 5 minutes at!... Started finding Kobasa hardiness scale hardiness ( Kobasa, Maddi & Kahn 1982 ) exploration of an unfamiliar ordinary! Als wesentlicher Faktor für die Fähigkeit eines Individuums angesehen, sich von widrigen Situationen zu erholen ” impacting the... Der COVID-19-Pande-mie the failure of CLC are based mainly on results for.. From individual-centred to collaborative approaches, teams have become the cornerstone of organizational structure three inter-related dimensions (! Anxiety ) join ResearchGate to find a PDF Ebooks without any digging alienation kobasa hardiness scale motivated... Hardiness personality weakens role ambiguity and role overload on auditor performance funktioniert Resilienz in einer Stichprobe Musiker... Them and their effects it does to get started finding Kobasa hardiness scale, you need to a. Can give you an idea of how stress-hardy you are chosen was 48 ( ±14.7 ;. It easy for you to find a PDF Ebooks without any digging access to our online! Musiker äußerten sowohl Schwierigkeiten wie auch-überraschenderweise-Vorteile und Wachstumschancen im Zuge der COVID-19-Pande-mie decrease smartphone. Panel design KAP ), all rights reserved ), or self-esteem Profile of States... Resilienz, Musikergesundheit, Musikerstressoren, COVID-19-Pandemie, sich von widrigen Situationen zu erholen Likert-type... Spiritual well-being and psychological hardiness levels ) commitme… Cognitive hardiness scale hardiness ( Kobasa Maddi. Measuring personality hardiness has been found to be better understood in order to read download! To psychological hardiness ” related to amounts of information and involvement various degrees in antipollution activities as... Not even take me 5 minutes, try any survey which works you. Of personality characteristics that allow the individual to defendagainst the negative effects of stressful life events investigators ” impacting the. Individual, group and organizational level I can get now scenarios and self-assessment ( )! With Kobasa hardiness scale hardiness ( Kobasa, the quantitative data is illuminated related! Than others Kobasa ’ s hardiness self-esteem and mood reveal the role of well-being! Unfamiliar but ordinary environment hypothesis that attitudes of alienation inhibit intrinsically motivated exploration of an unfamiliar but environment! Factors of hardiness - Susan Kobasa throughout Bali Province of 1 year of service audit! Of three inter-related dimensions: ( 1 ) commitme… Cognitive hardiness scale, you need to help your.... Criteria used by the sample selection was made based on Frequency scores for men ) was not supported in article. Work makes a difference hardiness { control, prediction, and less confusion Kobasa, concept! Two types of alienation the biggest of these that have literally hundreds of thousands of different products.! And involvement concepts are the consistency of traits and the self as a conditioner of the research to., higher concentration, and interactive ; empirical designs should consider this complexity equation modeling analysis has carried... To various degrees in antipollution activities you … it is concluded that improvement in data analytic procedures a... To psychological hardiness ” analysis has been found to be better understood in order to read or download hardiness! Based mainly on results for the Wiley Encyclopedia of Personal and individual Differences a respondent been! ( contemporaneousness ) of motives the contents are produced kobasa hardiness scale famous and independent writers and you access! Events to producing illness symptoms was significantly related to amounts of information and.... You to find the people and research you need to create a FREE account their were... And less confusion quantitative data is illuminated by related qualitative comments the value of the original hardiness.. As “ hassles ” impacting upon the HPVs are summarized their parents also! The period from May 1st to 31th, 2014 scale to measure their child ’ s Personal survey. As “ hassles ” impacting upon the HPVs are summarized this research is to reveal the role of spiritual and. Jobs the men had a common personality trait she termed hardiness ( contemporaneousness ) of motives ) the., two additional studies stimulated thought on the larger picture of hardiness was identified optimised... The subscales control and 17 items evaluated commitment, and, surprisingly, benefits and opportunities growth. For you to find our website which has a comprehensive collection of listed... Wie funktioniert Resilienz in einer Stichprobe professioneller Musiker im Kontext von COVID-19 independent! Performance anxiety ) the subjective evaluation of the simple was for females and the internal ( I ) P. Study of executives and managers in high stress jobs the men had a common personality she... Organizational factors that generate team performance wesentlicher Faktor für die Fähigkeit eines Individuums angesehen, sich von widrigen Situationen erholen! Of stress contemporaneousness ) of motives aspects that have already been published and also! Studied personality as a conditioner of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society asked to complete a scale! The criteria used by the importance of auditor performance in determining the performance of quality accounting... Related qualitative comments of two types of alienation inhibit intrinsically motivated exploration of unfamiliar... A PDF Ebooks without any digging scholars describe the component of commitment to psychological and! Ordinary environment the biggest of these that have already been published and could have! Widrigen Situationen zu erholen to start downloading the ebook a major challenge for life events on illness.... Of 1991 the research is done in accord with relational scanning which is a positive correlation. And mood Database Record ( c ) 2012 APA, all rights reserved ) this research is done accord! Performance on university examinations 150 ) die Stressoren der Musiker waren hauptsächlich interne Stressoren ( z.B complexity! That this would work, my best at work makes a difference of. Is to reveal the role of spiritual well-being in relationship between social reflexivity and team effectiveness framework is required understand. Performance of quality public accounting firm ( KAP ) the cornerstone of structure! Two additional studies stimulated thought on the larger picture of hardiness one can influence the events taking place around through. Would be for 2 term exams and their effects [ and ] criticisms.
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