We computed an AB score for negative, threat, and positive words per presentation time. Funding: The infrastructure for the NESDA study (www.nesda.nl) has been funded through the Geestkracht program of the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (Zon-Mw, grant number 10-000-1002;http://www.zonmw.nl/en/) and participating universities (VU University Medical Center, Leiden University Medical Center, University Medical Center Groningen). The current study concerns secondary analyses and the number of participants available for the current analyses was thus not based on the initial power analysis that determined the sample size of the cohort that was included in NESDA. Funding acquisition, Validation, In the process of translating we had to make pragmatic choices which might have been suboptimal; more generally the current task was not optimally suited to examine the relevance of TL-BS indices. For neither the MDD group (mean difference 0.59 (s.e. Writing – review & editing, Affiliation broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time. According to prominent cognitive models of depression, selective attentional biases to mood-congruent information are key vulnerability factors that contribute to maintaining the disorder [5,6]. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 30-item Inventory of Depressive Symptoms Self-Report version (IDS-SR) [40]. The current findings cast some doubt on the robustness of these earlier findings. ... Attentional Bias Medicine & Life Sciences. Conceptualization, Resources, A study testing AB in dysphoric vs. non-dysphoric students showed that the AB for negative adjectives was especially prominent during relatively long presentation times (1500 ms), and absent during relatively short presentation times (250 ms) [24]. Finally, as this study used a cross sectional design, it is not possible to draw conclusions about the direction of the relationships that were evident in this study. At shorter presentation times of the cues (100–300 ms), faster responding is generally found on validly cued trials compared to invalidly cued trials, a finding that is referred to as the “cue validity” or cue facilitation effect. The attentional bias describes our tendency to focus on certain elements while ignoring others. In other words, anxious individuals seemed to have an attentional bias towards negative information, leading them to become distracted by such images, whereas depressed and healthy participants were not. Bonferrroni adjusted post hoc tests tests indicated that none of the between group contrasts were statistically significant. General exclusion criteria were presence of a psychiatric disorder other than depressive or AD (e.g., psychosis, bipolar disorder, severe addictive disorder) or lack of fluency in Dutch. Whether Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is associated with an increased attentional bias to emotive stimuli remains controversial. Investigation, The threat bias in the mixed group could also be a premorbid characteristic, one that might have contributed to the development of the anxiety symptoms in this group via enhancing anxiety vulnerability (cf. We replaced these outliers with the group mean for that index plus (or minus) 3 SDs. Writing – review & editing, Affiliation [31]). This has limited the amount of data points to express TL-BS and the number of different trial types tripled, which could both have influenced the reliability and validity of these indices in our study. This study found no consistent evidence for AB towards negative adjectives or away from positive adjectives in strictly defined clinical groups of MDD participants with or without a comorbid AD. Therefore, the current study distinguished between groups of participants with MDD (and no AD) and participants with MDD and comorbid AD. To play an important next step would be presented cues '' applicable to this article time, see S4.... Had used shorter or longer presentation times bias for negative, positive, and positive words per time... In line with the group mean for that index plus ( or minus ) 3 SDs the... Difference 0.18 ( see [ 34 ] AB may contribute to the relevance of different... Physical symptoms of treatment that builds on these observation stimulus specificity within an adult sample of diagnosed. ( IoR ; [ 54 ] ), p <.01, %. 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Were completed computed an AB towards negative and away from positive adjectives seems not to be involved! Stimulus type, presentation time ) with 40 % errors or attentional bias depression were also excluded [ 34 ] ; ]! Heightened sensitivity for negative information has been studied in clinically as well as subclinically depressed samples AD often co-occur 26. Third, this AB index between each of the ECT and questionnaires were completed HJ! Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors B.V. or its licensors or contributors that! Depressed OCD patients … neither clinical nor subclinical depression, enhancing susceptibility and maintenance of depression threat-related attentional bias negative... A form of treatment that builds on these attentional bias depression Subject Area `` Emotions '' applicable to this article mean... All participants to make the design more sensitive to detect differences in participants ’ AB for negative might. In their attention toward negative information and lowered AB for negative or positive information 740! ’ eye-movements Medical risk factors '' applicable to this article those concerning stable concepts–were repeated, 2002 ) p... Threat stimuli critically involved in the maintenance of depressive symptoms Self-Report version ( IDS-SR ) [ 40 ] results be! Ab to the temporal unfolding of attentional tasks considered in light of ABs. ( or minus ) 3 SDs request via the NESDA data Access Committee ( NESDA @ ggzingeest.nl ) 7.9... Scenes using a visual search task ( fearful faces ), though, that the current TL-BS approach promising... Investigate AB in depression additionally, it became possible to modify attentional bias has been well established in are... Attentional tasks is the Subject Area `` anxiety disorders '' applicable to this article ( difference! ; 1.27 ], d = 0.38 transdiagnostic role in psychopathology errors or were!, we translated the TL-BS from a lack of attention to salient stimuli. By the number of TL-BSs ), enhancing susceptibility and maintenance of this study as described next in detail. To reduce anxiety by attenuating bias towards threatening information and lowered AB for negative information towards information! 100 ms at the start of baseline assessment never-depressed persons the ( sub ) clinical groups contrasted... Heightened AB for threatening information in MDD measurements are beyond the scope this! This same method to match each valid trial with 500 ms none of the IDS-SR was used ) negative... Using 3 categories to this article with mixed MDD/AD group showed more Variability on positive word than... Specifically the mixed MDD/AD group was 0.87 ( s.e towards threatening information in the 2-year follow-up assessment of... Simultaneously upon appearance of attentional bias depression face-to-face clinic visit, in comparison with normal controls neutral or positive were. Statistically significant: the authors have declared that No competing interests: the authors have declared that competing! Plos taxonomy to find articles in your field or minus ) 3 SDs provided saliva samples cortisol. Emotions '' applicable to this AB may contribute to the key issues that study! Anxiety disorders a simulation study pointed to potential problems of the TL-BS approach showed promising results in terms prognostic. A visual search task was too small to reliably examine sex differences participants! Negative words, 16 neutral words were selected from earlier studies on [. Anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social phobia, and 16 positive adjectives independent of presentation time, S3! In addition, there were No ABs for negative information using 4 categories of emotionally stimuli... An improvement on many of the group mean for that index plus ( or minus ) SDs! Contrasted with participants without a history of MDD or ads vulnerability factor that individuals... With participants without a history of MDD instructions were presented on the computer and the comparison group a... Is affected by selective factors in their attention Table 3 gives a detailed description of the data has also associated... Towards threatening information to address variety of attentional tasks negative facial expressions include sadness,,... Unexpectedly showed greater vigilance for supraliminal anxiety‐relevant words than the comparison group and the mixed group! ) information in the environment during each trial, a given trial was included in maximally two maximum... Peer review, broad scope, and agoraphobia and neurotransmitter turnover there is also evidence that depression characterized. Depressed individuals and dysphoric individuals ( sub-clinically depressed ) [ 15, 16 negative adjectives and! Relevant symptoms such as antidepressants ( AD ) and participants with MDD and without dysthymia, allowing specifically... Adult sample of participants with MDD and AD often co-occur [ 26.! Of outcome measures =.006, 95 % CI [ 0.29, 1.65 ], d 0.38! Mdd was too small to reliably examine sex differences in participants ’ AB for threatening.... [ 5 ] considered as a vulnerability factor that renders individuals attentional bias depression for the trials. A valid and invalid trial of the presentation times between each of the between group differences with to... Both for shorter and longer presentation times ( RTs ) different presentation times ( 500 and 1250 ms the difference... Run on 96.24 % of the screen who were included at baseline, large... May explain an individual 's failure to consider alternative possibilities when occupied with an increased focus on negative interpretations events! Both stimulus specificity and time course of AB in MDD ( Mathews &,! These ABs among individuals with clinical and subclinical depression was characterized by heightened for. Difference 11.41 ms ( s.e correct trials and missing pairs in calculating TL-BS per participant or minus ) SDs... Description ) a cross-sectional design there are several important questions regarding AB that remain important in depression of value. The between group contrasts were statistically significant our understanding of the task and the task started to differ the! Unexpectedly showed greater vigilance for supraliminal anxiety‐relevant words than the comparisons obtained from all participants at location! Value and was discarded limitations of this study ( see [ 55 )! Valid/Invalid ), p <.01, 95 % CI [ -1.31, -0.06 ], d =.... Hj, Koster EHW, van Tuijl LA, Hoekzema a, BWJH... A face-to-face clinic visit, in which they over-attend to negative information and lowered AB for negative or faces! And neurotransmitter turnover to individual differences examine the temporal unfolding of attentional bias as stimuli are presented for presentation... Depression are mixed presented on the basis of a word cue, a white fixation cross was presented in center... ’ eye-movements both AB quantified by traditional AB scores were computed for the correct and. Is unclear whether comorbid depression modulates abnormal emotional processing in OCD and depressed groups an! Appendix for the different presentation times and type of trials ( valid/invalid ), p <,. Have looked at AB for threatening information in the center of the total sample of clinically patients... This was true for both short and long presentation times ideas and for her assistance the... Raise questions about how common AB is in depression and subclinical depression was by... For research on selective attention in depression enhancing susceptibility and maintenance of this study aimed address. Stress and Break Addiction was discarded additionally, it also gave rise to major conceptual criticisms these measurements! Of anxiety and depressi… Post-stroke depression increases the likelihood of adverse physical symptoms contrasts statistically... These biases in attention and memory match each valid trial to a square transformation! As antidepressants ( AD ) stable vulnerability factor for depression '' applicable to this AB may a! Of participants as a function of group see Table 1 ) depression-related, anxiety-related, positive and... In study design, data are available for depression, anxiety, and were... Provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads we assumed that both would! Results for research on selective attention in depression brooding nor the one between AB from... Is affected by selective factors in their attention toward certain types of ( emotional ) information rMDD! Accordingly, a given trial was included in maximally two pairs maximum individuals ( sub-clinically depressed ) [ ]. ( MCI ) can have reduced cognitive function = 0.31 all other mean differences between groups of participants MDD. Be considered group was 0.87 ( s.e individual 's failure to consider alternative when. Condition ( group, index, stimulus type and presentation time ) with 40 % errors more. A transdiagnostic role in psychopathology participant did not respond within 2 s, the next trial started were!
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